A3 Problem Solving
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A3 Problem Solving is a structured approach that documents the problem-solving process on a single 11x17 inch (A3) page.
Definition
A3 Problem Solving is a structured problem-solving methodology that documents the entire process—from problem identification through root cause analysis to countermeasures and follow-up—on a single A3 (11x17 inch) page. The format enforces concise, visual communication and logical thinking. A3s typically include: background, current condition, target condition, analysis (often 5 Whys), countermeasures, implementation plan, and follow-up. Beyond the document, A3 develops problem-solving capability through the coaching conversation between author and mentor.
Examples
A quality engineer developed an A3 for a recurring defect issue. The left side showed the problem: defect rate, trend, and gap from target. The center showed analysis: 5 Whys revealing that a fixture had worn beyond tolerance. The right side showed countermeasures: fixture replacement plus preventive maintenance schedule. Follow-up tracked defect rate returning to target.
Key Points
- The A3 format forces concise, visual, logical communication
- A3s follow PDCA thinking: understand, analyze, plan, do, check, adjust
- The coaching conversation around the A3 develops problem-solving capability
- A3s document thinking process, not just conclusions
Common Misconceptions
A3 is just a report format. The A3 document captures structured thinking; the real value is the problem-solving process and the coaching conversation. A well-formatted document that doesn't reflect rigorous thinking misses the point.
A3s should be created by experts. A3s develop capability by having people closest to problems work through them with coaching. The mentor guides thinking but doesn't do the analysis.